Utopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Utopia - Essay Example Houyhnhnm Land and El Dorado differ considerably in their environment. Houyhnhnm Land is an island, accessible only by sea. El Dorado is land-locked, â€Å"bounded by inaccessible mountains† (Voltaire, 76). The former has a largely natural pastoral environment with â€Å"plenty of grass, and several fields of oats† (Swift, 6). On the other hand, El Dorado is characterized by a more contrived, landscaped beauty. The beaten roads of Houyhnhnm are in contrast to the covered roads of El Dorado, on which the pebbles and sand are gold and precious stones. The public buildings and houses in El Dorado are built on a palatial scale, and are adorned with all manner of precious material. Even the â€Å"very plain house† (Voltaire, 78) of the retired courtier is ornamented in gold and silver. On the other hand, in Houyhnhnm Land, the â€Å"buildings, although very rude and simple, are not inconvenient, but well contrived to defend them from all injuries of cold and heatâ₠¬  (Swift, 12). In all aspects, Houyhnhnm Land is the epitome of simplicity, while El Dorado is filled with material wealth. The inhabitants of the two lands stand in marked opposition to each other. The Houyhnhnms are highly refined, intelligent horses, whose â€Å"grand maxim is, to cultivate reason, and to be wholly governed by it† (Swift,  9). In contrast to these noble horses, Houyhnhnm Land is also inhabited by the savage-like Yahoos, who are completely ruled by avarice and sensual depravity. The citizens of El Dorado are of one kind only: humans who have no passion for the gold and jewels which abound in their land. Peruvian is the language of El Dorado, while the Houyhnhnms and Yahoos have their distinct speeches. There is no religion in Houyhnhnm Land while the people of El Dorado offer thanksgiving to a single God, without the trappings of formal religious institutions. El Dorado has a â€Å"palace of sciences, --- filled with instruments

Sample Speech To Persuade Essay Example for Free

Sample Speech To Persuade Essay I. Body The problem that we are facing is the deadly intersection of H Street an Laurel Avenue. This intersection is dangerous to us all because it has no stop light. According to a summary of Lompoc City Police reports filed within the last 14 months, there have been 19 collisions at the corner of H Street and Laurel Avenue. Of these, 19 collisions, 11 were attributed to the failure of East/West Laurel Avenue traffic to stop at H Street. The remaining 8 accidents were attributed to motorist traveling North and South on H Street, striking cars in the rear that had just turned on to H street from Laurel Avenue. An analysis of Lompoc traffic accidents was prepared by Mr. J. T. Brown of the California Department of Motor Vehicles Mishap Investigation Division, and published February 22nd,1996. In this analysis, the underlying cause of these specific 19 traffic accidents was listed as the lack of adequate traffic control at the intersection of H Street and Laurel Avenue. The analysis further went on to site the installation of a traffic signal as the recommended solution. I have copies of both the Summary of Lompoc City Police reports and Mr. Browns analysis If you would care to review them for yourself later. Well, now that weve examined the nature of the threat we are facing lets take a look at what has been done so far t defend against this threat. II. Debate by city officials and increased patrols by law enforcement have not solved the problem. The Lompoc City Council has debated installing a traffic signal. During the last two City Council meetings held in January and February of this year, the council acknowledged the need for a traffic signal but concluded that the cost of $127,000.00 would take away from funds needed for other city projects. Police increased patrol of this dangerous area from October to December of 1996. 6 of the 19 accidents occurred during this three month period. Police can not be permanently assigned to observe one intersection. Manning just wont permit that. According to Patrolman Danny Glover, a Lompoc City Policeman who was involved in the additional patrol of the H Street and Laurel Avenue intersection area (and I quote) While Police were present and visible, people were normally more careful, but when no police were present it was business as usual. So weve taken a look at what has been done so far, now lets look at what we can do to further protect ourselves. III. In order to protect ourselves and those we love, we can drive defensively, but most importantly, we must demand a traffic light be installed without further delay. Driving defensively is always a good idea. Just being aware of a dangerous situation will naturally make us more alert. The more attentive we are anywhere, but particularly at this dangerous intersection, the more apt we are to avoid an accident. but driving defensively is just not enough. We must have that traffic signal and we must have it NOW!!! When we get this traffic signal installed we will all be safer. Tragedies will be prevented. The city council must hear our voices. Remember, 27 people have already been seriously injured and 4 have died at this intersection. $127,000.00 may be a lot of money but can we afford not to spend it on a traffic signal for the intersection of Laurel Avenue and H Street? How long will it be before you and I are one of those accident victims? How often do you use this Intersection? Will you use this intersection tonight when you leave class? We cant wait any longer !!!!! If we do not act now and demand the installation of this traffic signal then we will be contributing to the injuries and deaths and pain to surviving families because of our lack of action. We must act now!! The next City Council meeting will be held April 12th, next Thursday at 7:00 p.m.. The agenda includes comments and a call to vote on this traffic signal issue. The more of us who attend that council meeting and support immediate installation of a traffic signal, the better the chance we will have of getting it. Ladies and Gentlemen, attend that meeting with me and with me, demand this traffic signal be installed immediately!!! Conclusion 1. Summary: Well, tonight we took a look at the nature of a serious problem we are all facing. The Intersection of Laurel Avenue and H Street is a disaster waiting to happen to you and me and those we love. Remember the two separate documents which point to the lack of a traffic signal at this dangerous intersection as a prime contributing factor in the accidents which occurred there. Remember the 27 injured and 4 who were killed there, not one block from where we are right now. Then we discussed what has been done so far by both city officials and law enforcement to deal with this problem. We saw that the City Council has been debating installing a traffic signal. We saw that the Police Department tried increased patrol of the area. But remember the words of Patrolman Glover, when he said that as soon as police were not immediately present it was business as usual. And finally, We looked at what we can do to further protect ourselves from the threat posed by the serious problem of no traffic signal at the corner of H Street and Laurel Avenue. Remember, driving defensively is always a good idea. But most importantly, we saw that the immediate installation of a traffic signal is our best defense against this threat and we need to let our City Council know that we cant wait any longer. 2. Purpose Statement: So, ladies and gentlemen, now you have the information that can literally save your life. And so the time for action is here. I urge you to go to the City Council meeting with me next Thursday at 7:00 p.m. and demand a traffic signal be installed at the intersection of Laurel Avenue and H Street immediately!!! 3. Closure: If you need a ride to the meeting or if you have any questions, see me after class. Ill be happy to talk with you.

Technology impact on social interactions

Technology impact on social interactions Technology can have positive and negative impact on social interactions With the proliferation of technologies that are able to overcome the obstacles of time and space (e.g., airplanes, cars, the Internet), one would think that these tools would be used to gain an understanding of other cultures, meet people all over the world, maintain and strengthen familial relationships, communicate effectively with others, and help people to become more socially adept. However, some technological advances cause people to be distracted, overly stressed, and increasingly isolated. Many people are involved in an abundant number of relationships through technology, but sometimes the quantity of these associations leaves people feeling qualitatively empty. Obviously, technology has had a profound impact on what it means to be social. Society is likely on the cusp of a social revolution, during which it will be important to redefine socially appropriate and acceptable behaviors (with regard to digital or virtual interaction). We are at a point in history where very few people have given critical thought to new social realities created by technology and what those realities mean for the individual and society. In this section we closely examine a few social technologies that influence leisure. The section first looks at virtual communities, social networking sites, and today’s communication tools. Then we critically reflect on gaming and television. Think about how each technology affects your social life and social skills. Keep in mind that these are only a few of the technologies that may affect you socially. A comprehensive list is not feasible here. A study of students and information technology found that 85 percent of undergraduates surveyed used social networking sites (Salaway et al., 2008) (see figure 8.2). Many of the respondents reported using such sites daily. Figure 8.3 indicates how undergraduate students use social networking sites. This report found indications that use of these sites is increasing yearly. Let us now look critically at whether this trend is positive. The use of social networking sites has both positive and negative consequences. It is amazing how someone can find a long-lost friend through a social networking site, enabling them to reconnect. In a society where people have become quite mobile and family and friends are often geographically separated, it is convenient to keep in touch through technology. However, one need not look far to find problems associated with social networking sites. There is a lively debate about whether Internet addictions are real. To me it appears to be a real problem (perception is often reality in a social context) with which people have to grapple. Some assert that these Web sites contributed to cheating on significant others, often leading to divorce. People have been fired from their jobs or put under pressure because they use these sites at work or because something is posted on a site that undermined the person’s professional standing. Although divorce and loss of employment are serious issues, perhaps they are not as common as other problems that have the potential to stem from social networking sites. Narcissism—excessive interest in one’s appearance and in oneself—is sometimes manifested on social networking sites. These Web sites have been found to be an avenue for people to display their narcissistic traits online (Buffardi Campbell, 2008). I often wonder whether people use these sites to display their popularity to the world rather than use them as a vehicle to develop meaningful relationships. Creating meaningful relationships is often about sharing our lives with others, and technology can allow us to do so through photos, videos, text, and music. In conducting research for my doctoral dissertation, I looked at how eight senior citizens used technology and how it affected their lives. My hope was to find that they used technology to stay in touch with friends, family, and people with similar interests. Although the participants did use e-mail to stay in touch with family and friends, almost all of the study participants talked about how vapid chat rooms and discussion boards seemed to be. Most had tried chatting a few times and then gave up because they viewed it as a waste of time (similar reasons were given by undergraduates in the ECAR study who did not use social networking sites). However, one participant was a chat room monitor for a fantasy baseball site. As he spent more time in that chat room he began to realize that it was not as shallow as he first imagined. Pe ople were in that virtual community because of a shared or common interest. Gradually he got to know people and care about their lives. He was eventually able to meet some of these new, online friends in person and said they connected as if they had known each other for years. While working on my dissertation I visited many chat rooms and discussion boards that catered to older adults. After visiting many such sites, I began to be discouraged because of the inane nature of many of the conversations. However, I stumbled on one online discussion board in which two World War II veterans wrote about their experiences in the war. They also lamented the fact that where they lived, there were no more veterans of that war left. They felt alone and isolated, but this chat room was a forum where they fit in again. They were able to share similar interests and experiences. Perhaps overcoming a sense of isolation is one of the greatest features of online communities and virtual worlds. Someone might feel like an outcast in her own community or family but might find someone online with similar hobbies, pursuits, and interests. Consider someone who enjoys photography as a serious leisure pursuit. This person would be able to share that passion with people all over the world by using the Internet and its powerful tools (e-mail, video chat, discussion boards, online video, family Web sites). However, simply sharing common interests and pursuits with people through technology does not necessarily have a positive impact on social skills and social development. Gaming and Social Development Gaming is an instance where you may encounter potentially serious social setbacks. I lead a group of Boy Scouts who share a love of a certain online virtual world game. This game seems to be all they talk about. When given other opportunities for deep, respectful, meaningful conversation, these boys are sometimes rather inept. Although linking their online gaming to poor social skills might be spurious, studies show negative social impacts of some video games. One study tested whether high exposure to video games increased aggression over time. It was found that playing violent video games is a significant risk factor for later physical aggression in both Japan and the United States—for boys and girls (Anderson et al., 2008). However, linking video games to poor social skills and behaviors often misses the bigger picture. People might participate in other activities (take football, for example) in which the social problems that arise from the activity may be the same or even worse than those of gaming. Evidently it is not enough to simply blame the medium. In fact, in many instances, gaming may aid in relationship building. The 13th Annual MediaWise Video Game Report Card (Walsh Gentile, 2008) indicated that 75 percent of gamers play with other people. Since my family received a Wii as a gift, we have spent countless hours of enjoyment playing together. Naturally, overindulgence in this one activity would have deleterious results, but the limited time we do spend playing together seems to strengthen our family. Television and Social Development Television is another technology that has mixed reviews with regard to social skills and social lives. Some researchers suggest that spending a limited amount of time watching wholesome programs can strengthen families and friendships. Others believe that television contributes to the downfall of social values in this country. It does seem that many people spend less time with others in their community than they do with the people they watch daily on television. Television tends to be a passive medium, which requires little skill and thought on our part (although some programming bucks this trend). Therefore, television provides little opportunity for meaningful interaction while watching. Watchers simply sit there and ingest what is presented to them without having to respond or react to another person. Obviously this can have serious effects on people’s social skills because viewers are not practicing how to relate to and deal with other people. Exposure to what is viewed on television can have some other serious effects on people’s social lives. For example, exposure to television shows with sexual content may increase the chance of teen pregnancy (see figure 8.4) (Chandra et al., 2008). Furthermore, when some people see violence, sex, and all manner of lasciviousness on television, they may be prone to mimic the behavior and think that it is acceptable. Were everyone to copy the social behaviors portrayed on television, our society would lack morals, and many levels of individuals’ lives would be destroyed. It is apparent that technology has the potential to harm or enhance your social skills and social life. The key is to analyze how technology affects you socially. Do technologies help you build positive, meaningful relationships, or do technologies hinder this process? Are you better able to communicate, listen, and share because of the technologies in your life? Do you use technologies to improve your relationships and build new ones? Are you letting a few choice people know who you are and what you contribute to this world, or are you merely distracting yourself with shallow pursuits? Does technology increase or decrease your concern for others, your compassion for others, and your desire to serve them? Such are the critical questions regarding technology and social development. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/positive-effects-of-technology-on-society.html Positive Effects of Technology on Society Technology runs in the veins of society. It is the fuel that drives our lives. It is an integral part of daily life. It has definitely benefited society. It has brought luxury in the life of every common man. Automation brought about by technology has saved human effort and time to a large extent. It has brought distant places closer and simplified information access. It has made the world a smaller place to live in. Let us look at some of the important areas, where technology has brought a positive change. Automation of Processes in the Industry and the Household: Technology has automated many of the critical processes in the industry as well as the household. Imagine the amount of labor that must have been involved in industrial processes when the concept of automation did not exist. Electronic gadgets have entered homes of the common man to rescue him from the boredom of daily chores. Imagine the amount of time people must be spending doing household chores during the time there w ere no machines and household appliances. Its better not imagined. Todays is the age of robotics. Machines can learn, adopt new things and perform tasks with near-human efficiency. Changed Modes of Transport: The automobile industry and technology are interwoven. Time has witnessed this industry evolve from mechanical scooters to automated aircraft. Animals were the only modes of transport in the olden days. Technology was the driving force behind the creation and design of the modern-day automobiles. Bicycles evolved into scooters and sports bikes. The idea of having four-wheeled modes of transport gave rise to the creation of cars. Modes of air and water transport came up, thanks to technology. Reduced Risk to Human Life: Machines have automated many crucial industrial processes. Machines are now taking up mundane jobs that were once done by human workers. Technology has evolved to an extent where machines can perform tasks that are not feasible for man, either because they are ri sky or life-threatening or because they are beyond human capacity. The use of advanced technologies like robotics and artificial intelligence has proven to be helpful in life-risking endeavors like mining and space exploration. Data Management and Information Retrieval: Computer technology, needless to say, has changed the face of the world. Computers can store, organize and manage huge amounts of data. They can process large amounts of information. Computers have given rise to the software industry, one of the most progressive industries of the world. The Internet that seeded from computer networking concepts is the most effective communication platform and the largest information base existing today. Impact on the Entertainment and Advertising Industries: The Internet has brought a positive change to the entertainment and advertising industries. Over the Internet, advertisements can reach the masses within seconds. Internet advertisements have changed equations of the advertising industry. Branding on the Internet is much more effective that other forms of product promotion. The entertainment media has progressed because of advancements in technology. Movies, songs, games are a few clicks away. People have begun using the Internet to watch and download movies, listen to music, play games and entertain themselves. Thanks to handy, mobile and user-friendly devices, all this has become really easy. Onset of the Digital Age: Theres hardly anything analog now, we live in a digital world, a digital age. Talk pixels and bytes. The digitization of information has made it possible for us to store it in a compact form. Ever wondered how gigabytes of data can be stored on a small chip? Digitization it is! Also, digitization enriches the quality of data storage. Digital voice and digital images are of a higher quality. Digital cameras and digital TVs provide users with an enriched picture quality, thus bettering user experience with technology. Communication Redefined: Cellular communication has revolutionized the communication industry. The conventional telephone, also a piece of technology, was one of the earliest technological developments in communication. Mobile phones have broadened the horizons of communication by enabling convenient long-distance calling and mobile use. Letters have taken a backseat and emails and cell phone messages have become the easiest means to connect. Owing to developments in technology, communication is wireless. Social networking is another defining factor here. It has given an all new dimension to communication, entertainment and recreation. Satellite Technology: Satellite communication is an important facet of technology. Satellite TV and satellite radio have eased the broadcasting of events across the globe. How else do you think could matches and concerts be broadcasted live? Not just TV and radio, even communication to ships and airplanes wouldnt have been possible if not for satellite communication. Even you r hand-held devices wouldnt be of use, if not for radio communication. These were still a few fields influenced by technology. It is almost impossible to enlist all the positive effects of technology on society. The fast-advancing technology on the whole, has given impetus to developments in various fields and improved the quality of human life. Theres less risk, less effort, less mess. Theres more leisure, more ease and more speed all because of that ten-letter word not a word, a phenomenon technology.  

Foreign Policy Paxton Hibben and Henry Morgenthau Essay -- American fo

Paxton Hibben Paxton Pattison Hibben, soldier, diplomat, and journalist, born December 5, 1880 grew up to become a prominent voice in shaping American foreign policy in the World War I era. Lending his experiences as a solider, his skills as journalist, and his position as a United States diplomat, he helped bring the voices of foreign powers and peoples to the American people and government. Devoting much of his time and resources to humanitarian aid he helped in the rebuilding of war ravished nations, and the release of Japanese prisoners of war. Going beyond just governmental influence, Hibben worked to change the hearts and minds of the American people toward foreign nations as well. Hibben’s out spoken nature and inability to let an injustice pass silently landed him in trouble numerous times with the government he worked for, making for an eventful life of political and social influence. As a Harvard graduate with a degree in law Hibben decided to pursue the life of a United States diplomat. He was not far along on the path before he received an invitation to join the United States government in service as a diplomat by President Roosevelt himself. Serving the United States Hibben found himself in St. Petersburg Russia where he worked hard to learn the language and witnessed the first hand the effects of war in the Soviet nation. It was here that Hibben gained his first national recognitions in humanitarian work. Through his service in the Russo-Japanese war toward Japanese prisoners of war in Russia, Hibben was awarded the declaration of the Fourth Class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure by the emperor of Japan. Hibben worked providing immediate physically aid, and aiding in their eventual release and return. In hi... ...versity Press, 1906. Passos, John, 1919: Volume Two of the U.S.A. Trilogy. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1946. Patenaude, Bertrand, â€Å"Food as a Weapon.† Stanford University Hoover Digest No. 1, January 30, 2007. http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6135 (accessed April 2, 2014). Roosevelt, Franklin, â€Å"Executive Order 9417 Establishing the War Refugee Board.† The American Presidency Project by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley (January 22, 1944). Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16540 (accessed April 9, 2014). Stutter, Robert, â€Å"U.S.-Chinese Relations: Perilous Past, Pragmatic Present.† Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, June 6, 2010. 100 Years Federal Reserve System, â€Å"Henry Morgenthau, Jr.† 100 Years Federal Reserve System, http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/247 (accessed April 9, 2014).

Authoritarian Methods of Control in Brave New World & V for Vendetta Essay

People should not be afraid of their government. Governments should be afraid of their people. The right to rule. What gives someone such a power you ask? Well there is a variety of different factors and qualities one must have such as strength and leadership but there is a single item that all need and that is control. Without the obedience and submission of the people governments will fail. The film â€Å"V for Vendetta† and the novel â€Å"Brave New World† both comment on the issue of misuse of technology and the control of the people. V for Vendetta is the 2006 film adaptation by the Wachowski’s of the comic book of the same name created by Alan Moore. It is set in a futuristic dystopian world in which Britain is ruled by a totalitarian-fascist party, and follows the events triggered by a masked shadowy revolutionary known only as the letter V. Brave New World is Aldous Huxley’s controversial masterpiece, published in 1932 and is about a futuristic-dys topian world where the government has outlawed free-speech and individuality and uses psychological conditioning to control the people. Now let me refocus on the theme at hand: control. The Norsefire party in V for Vendetta rises to power by offering the solution after a string of biological attacks on various establishments: a school, water plant and an underground train station. The fear inspired by these attacks was what made people give them the power to rule. The Wachowski’s have compared and likened the Norsefire party to the Nazi’s the world’s most famous fascist regime. The symbol of the Norsefire uses the same colours and a similar symbol to that of the traditional swastika. The Norsefire also had a similar rise to power as the Hitler regime. First Chancellor Sattler was seen as the saviour before revealing his true colours as a villain â€Å"fear became the tool of this government†. The Norsefire also engaged in genocide of homosexuals, Muslims, and ethnics. Rather than concentration camps those captured were placed in detention centres with the aim of testing biochemical and vir uses. The Norsefire government represents what V is rebelling against and that is oppression and the abuse of power. Similarly in Brave New World, the World State is built upon from the devastation of the Nine Year War, fear and confusion were the aid of both these governments and let them create and enforce their ideals. Both governments have destroyed and banned any material that goes against party policy. Brave New World has taken this to the extreme with all literature and arts having been destroyed since the  beginning of the World State. The tool of control used by the World State is science, children are born from laboratories and are conditioned, and their lives are predetermined to create a unified machine. The motto of the World State accurately reflects this ideology â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability†; it calls for each class to identify within their ranking and to support the community with the aim of achieving stability. Characters like John and Valorie rebel and detest the notion of conformity. John wishes to experience the world as it truly was meant to be â€Å"But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin.† He hates the protected and sheltered state of the people of the world state and their dependency on soma. â€Å"Valorie is proud of being a lesbian and was captured because of it throughout her time at the detention centre she continues to fight whilst trying to stay true to herself and her identity. She leaves a note which becomes a source of inspiration for both V and Evey as she says â€Å"it was my integrity that was important†¦we must never lose it, or sell it, or give it away. We must never let them take it from us†. By using the number of his room at the Larkhill detention centre V becomes a living symbol of Norsefire’s genocide and a motive for his vendetta beyond V’s rebellious goals, he also wishes to remind the people of Valerie’s message a bout their identity, their integrity and that they have the freedom to be themselves, no matter what anyone tells them they can or can’t be.

Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essays

Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essays Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essay Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essay Essay Topic: City Lights The UK air power industry has undergone important alteration in the last several old ages. In 2000 Air Canada completed its coup detat of Canadian Airlines, which left it with in surplus of 80 per centum market portion. Market laterality leads to different menu and service quality degrees. As a consequence of higher menus, for illustration, we should happen higher absolute values of snaps of demand merely because with higher menus we have moved further up the demand curve. In 1996 Ryanair entered the market and has continued to turn each twelvemonth. Canada 3000 exited the market in 2001, as did Canjet and Royal ( as portion of Canada 3000 ) . Roots air hose has come and gone but Canjet has reemerged in eastern Canada.The entry of low cost bearers leads to take down menus for a subset of traffic and rivals will offer a supply of seats to fit these menus. Lower mean menus should take to lower demand snap estimations, while additions in the figure of rivals in t he market will take to higher demand snap estimations. Introduction Ryanair isaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . British Airways isaˆÂ ¦.. This papers reports the findings of a reappraisal of the economic sciences and concern literature on empirically-estimated own-price snap of demand for air travel for Ryan air and British Airways. It refers to the informations on page two of the assignment press release to both above air hoses to exemplify and explicate the constructs of monetary value snap of demand and income snap of demand. The intent of this survey is to describe on all or most of the economic sciences and concern literature covering with through empirical observation estimated demand maps for air travel and to roll up a scope of menu snap steps for air travel provide in the information on the 2nd page of the assignment subject and supply some judgement as to which snap values would be more representative of the true values to be found in different air hose such as Ryan air and British air passages, moreover will measure the accomplishment of cost nest eggs of Ryan air through fixed costs and variable costs every bit good as composing a critical analysis the article on BAA Airports: Notice of release of interim project Price Elasticity of Demand and Income snap of demand in the context of air travel demand: ( Ryan air A ; British Airways ) This paragraph identifies two distinguishable monetary values for air travel. Specifically, it is observed that surveies of the demand for air travel demand should separate among monetary values for: Low cost bearer ( LCC ) and Full Service Carrier ( LCC ) ; concern and leisure travel ; long-haul and short-haul travel ; and international and European long-haul travel. Consequently, to analyze the sensitiveness of the demand for air travel to its monetary value, separate estimations of the own-price snap of demand are gathered for each of these two distinct markets. 3.1. Price Elasticity of Demand Price Elasticity of Demand is a numerical value which describes the grade of reactivity of demand to alterations in monetary values . ( Andrew, D. 1988: 260 ) The demand for a peculiar good or service depends on a assortment of factors. Key influences include the gustatory sensations of consumers, the degrees of consumer income, the monetary value and quality of the merchandise in inquiry and the monetary values of other goods, particularly goods that are close replacements. In order to obtain utile estimations of the monetary value sensitiveness of demand for a merchandise, research workers must carefully command for all the factors impacting the demand. As a general regulation, one time other influences on demand stay unchanged, a higher monetary value for a merchandise leads in a lower measure demanded. However, the monetary value reactivity of demand varies from one good to another and from one market to another. Since the handiness of alternate manners of transit that are moderately close replacements for air conveyance diminishes with distance travelled, it is expected that the demand for air conveyance will be less elastic for longer flights typical illustration of British air passages with is a Full service Carrier than for shorter flights typical illustration of Ryan air. Further, international travel tends to be spread over more clip than domestic travel, so that the airfare is a smaller proportion of overall trip costs, which makes international travel less sensitive to alterations in ticket monetary values. In add-on, leisure travelers are more likely to prorogue trips to specific locations in response to higher menus, or to shop around for those locations offering more low-cost menus. Consequently, it is expected that the demand for air conveyance for leisure grounds will be more elastic than concern travel. Harmonizing to Anthony et Al ( 2000 ) Ryan air monetary values direction is consistently offering different monetary values to different client sections in response to demand whereas ( Kimes, 1989 ) suggests that the squad in charge of output direction demand to place how alterations in monetary value will impact their clients. Within the air hose industries client demand may be higher on hebdomad terminals, during Summer months, or at peculiar times of a twenty-four hours, ( Belobaba, 1987 ) . Directors must be able to calculate time-related demand so that they can do effectual pricing and allotment determination to pull off the shoulder periods about high demand period. However the corporate concern traveler during the hebdomad becomes a leisure traveler when on vacation or at week-ends. Different juncture find the same consumer holding different outlook and demands, ( Buttle, 1986 ) . Such a construct is termed snap of demand. Harmonizing to the Data downloaded from Ryan air website giving on page two of the assignment topic the monetary value of the flight on the twenty-four hours it been downloaded is far more higher than the monetary value of the flight on other following yearss of the hebdomad twenty-four hours. But when nearing the terminal of the week-end or school vacation, there is a immense demand and the increased demand drives the monetary value up once more as client are returning from their holiday or household are traveling on vacation. The low cost air hoses such as Ryan air follow the pricing scheme outlined above. Customers booking early with bearers such as Ryan air will usually come across lower monetary values if they are ready to perpetrate themselves to a flight by booking early. This gives the air hose the asset of meaningful how full their flights are likely to be and a beginning of cash-flow in the hebdomads and months prior to the service being provided. Closer to the day of the m onth and clip of the scheduled service, the monetary value rises, on the simple justification that consumer s demand for a flight becomes more inelastic the nearer to the clip of the service. Peoples who book tardily frequently regard travel to their planned finish as a demand and they are hence likely to be prepared and able to pay a much higher monetary value really near to going. Airlines call this monetary value favoritism output direction but despite the consider name, at the bosom of this pricing scheme is the straightforward but of import construct monetary value snap of demand. The air hoses have become Masterss at monetary value favoritism as a agency of maximizing gross from riders going on the flight webs. Other conveyance concerns do the same! Ryanair has a place pricing policy that causes menus to lift as a flight fills up. Following theory of supply and demand, if client wants a place so severely, they will pay more for it than otherwise. 3.2. Income Elasticity of Demand It is defined as numerical values which describe the reactivity of demand to a alteration in consumer incomes. ( John, S. 2005 ) Because of the recession, demand for low cost flights grew quickly as household with higher income who were going with full service bearer before would prefer low cost than traditional air hoses and some current low cost client with low income may prefer domestic flight or would merely prefer non to go by air. However, since snap is mensurating proportionate alteration, snap values will alter along about all demand maps, including additive demand curves. Appraisal of snap values is hence most utile for foretelling demand responses in the locality of the ascertained monetary value alterations. As a related issue, researcher demand to acknowledge that in markets where monetary value favoritism is possible sum informations will non let for accurate anticipations of demand responses in the relevant market sections. In air travel, flights by a bearer are basically joint merchandises dwelling of differentiated service packages that are identified by menu categories. However the output direction systems employed by full-service bearers ( FSCs ) besides create a complex signifier of inter-temporal monetary value favoritism, in which some menus ( typically economic system category ) diminution and some addition ( typically full-fare concern category ) as the going day of the month draws nearer. Thi s implies that ideally, empirical surveies of air travel demand should divide concern and leisure travelers or at least be able to include some information on booking times in order to account for this monetary value favoritism, and that monetary value informations should be calibrated for inter-temporal monetary value favoritism: for illustration, the usage of full-fare economic system category ticket monetary values as informations will overrate the absolute value of the monetary value snap coefficient. Within the set of differentiated service packages that comprise each ( joint merchandise ) flight, the comparative monetary values are of import in explicating the comparative easiness of permutation between service categories. Given the nature of inter-temporal monetary value favoritism for flights, the comparative monetary value could besides alter significantly in the clip period prior to a going clip. In peculiar alterations in existent income and the monetary values of replacements or complements will impact demand. Alternate transit manners ( route and rail ) are of import variables for short-haul flights, while income effects should be measured for both short and long-haul. Oum et Al. ( 1992 ) provide valuable tools that occur when measuring the demand theoretical accounts. Air travel demand can be affected by alterations in the monetary values and service quality of other manners. For short-haul paths ( markets ) the comparative monetary value and service properties of car and train would necessitate to be included in any theoretical account ; peculiarly for short-haul markets such as low cost air hose. Failure to include the monetary value and service properties of replacements will bias the snap. For illustration, if airfares addition and car costs are besides increasing, the airfare snap would be overestimated if car costs were excluded. The entry of low cost bearers leads to take down menus for a subset of traffic and rivals will offer a supply of seats to fit these menus. Lower mean menus should take to lower demand snap estimations, while additions in the figure of rivals in the market will take to higher demand snap estimations. One should non confound low cost bearers with a looking deficiency of working monopoly power. High monetary values or menus are non synonymous with monopoly and low menus with competition. Airlines like Ryanair where they are the exclusive air hose functioning the market may still move as a monopolizer but charge low ( Er ) fares. Net income maximizing monopolizers monetary value where fringy cost peers fringy gross, if fringy cost is low, one should anticipate to see lower menus but still fringy cost and gross are equalized. Monopolists are by and large viewed as being high monetary value because they are high cost and the high costs are attributable to some grade from a deficiency of competitory subject in the market. Full service bearers runing with hub-and-spoke systems have a high cost concern theoretical account while low cost bearers have a low cost concern theoretical account. How low cost bearers such as Ryan air able to accomplish cost nest eggs? Fixed Costs and Variable Costss. Ryan air s concern theoretical account is focus around its general low cost doctrine. That is Ryan air efforts to cut all non value adding activities as it strives to drive costs down to the absolute lower limit. Below are typical illustrations how it drives its downwards which include selling straight to its client over the cyberspace or over the phone instead than via agents and jobbers, therefore salvaging committee cost and administrative cost. Ryan air is a ticketless as most of it client bargain over the cyberspace, in return for a engagement mention that is exchanged at the checking counter at the airdrome for a embarkation base on balls. The air hose has no in flight repasts which is a cost economy step that can non be much incommodiousness to its client since all Ryan air flights are short draw. Nevertheless has subcontracted catering services on its flights where client can purchase an in flight repast and drink should they wish which is another manner of impulsive monetary value. Cabin crew double up as cleansing agent and this helps Ryan air to assure a turnaround clip at any airdrome of 30 min instead than 45-60 min that has FSC s been the norm. Another cost film editing device, is the typical illustration is the UK smaller airdromes such as London Luton, cheaper to wing to from than bigger airdromes such as Heathrow which it is use at least as its base as they are less congestion and facilitate turnaround times for aircraft to be a batch shorter. 4.1. Fixed Costss Fixed Costss are defined as the Sum costs that do non change with the sum of end product produced ( John, S. 2005:82 ) Ryan air as a LCC operate in the environment of high fixed cost, fixed capacity in the short term, a perishable merchandise and seasonal demand. Virtually all of air hose s costs can be considered fixed. The cost of the capital tied up in the plane, the fuel it take to wing the path, the crew it will take to staff the land and flight operations insurance, rent, etcaˆÂ ¦ All these cost are fixed once the company decides to wing a peculiar path and the variable costs associated with functioning another rider on the flight are figure lively peanuts. Ryan air generates sufficient gross through accessory services such as auto leases, adjustment, currency, travel insurance, minutess, refreshments, to cover variable costs and countervail at least some fixed cost. Management believes that supplying these services through the cyberspace allows Ryan air to increase gross revenues, while at the same clip cut downing costs on a per unit footing. 4.2 Variable Costss Variable Costss are defined as the sum costs that do vary with the sum of end product produced ( John, S. 2005: 82 ) The comparatively low variable costs associated with many capacity- constrained Ryan air allow for some pricing flexibleness and give operators the options of cut downing pricing during low demand times. Ryan air ever seeks for low variable costs. Below are factors that aid Ryanair to keep a low variable cost: One type of aircraft, direction believes that its scheme of restricting its fleet chiefly to three discrepancies of a individual type of aircraft from a individual maker enables it to restrict the costs associated with forces developing, care and the purchase and storage of trim parts, every bit good as affording greater flexibleness in the programming of crews and equipment. Pricing is based purely upon gross maximization procedure that matches the purposes and aims of monetary values snap of demand Internet booking which cut paper and administrative costs No airdrome gross revenues offices/ no cancellations Charging a excess for inordinate luggage Maximization of place capacity per plane Use of less expensive airdrome as Ryan air been offered inducements is a controversial 1 Ryan air manager of communications. Ryan air further enterprise to cut down its airdrome charges by choosing, when operable, for less expensive gate locations every bit good as out-of-door get oning stepss instead than more expensive jet ways. Ryan air has entered into in understandings on competitory footings with 3rd party contractors at certain airdromes for traveler and aircraft handling, fining and other services that direction believes can be more cost resourcefully provided by 3rd parties. Management efforts to obtain competitory rates for such services by negociating multi-year contracts at monetary values that are fixed or capable merely to periodic additions related to rising prices. One of the typical illustration is the monetary value of air power fuel which is straight related to the cost of oil but Ryan air control this through hedge. All these factors listed supra contributed to a low variable cost of Ryan air, a cardinal constituent in any successful output direction system and supply an chance for purchase against its major rivals. Critical analysis of the issues involved in the undermentioned article: BAA Airports: Notice of release of interim project Decision